![]() The exchange of momentum creates a pressure of perhaps a few hundred psi in the impact area.Ī condensate-induced water hammer is the more powerful of the two types. A steam-flow-driven water hammer is an impact event, where a slug of rapidly moving water strikes a stationary object. There are two types of water hammer: a steam-flow-driven water hammer and condensate-induced water hammer. Fracturing of pipes or steam system components can propel fragments that can cause injury or loss of life. More severe cases lead to fracture of the pipe or fittings with almost explosive effect and consequent escape of live steam at the fracture. In mild cases, there is noise and perhaps movement of the pipe. When these velocities are destroyed by impact, the kinetic energy in the water is converted into pressure energy, and a pressure shock is applied to the obstruction. Water velocities can be much higher than the normal steam velocity in the pipe, especially when the water hammer is occurring at startup. Water hammer occurs when water, accelerated by steam pressure or a low-pressure void, is suddenly stopped by impact on a valve or fitting, such as bend or tee, or on a pipe surface. Proper steam system design, installation, operation and maintenance significantly decrease the potential for destructive events, such as those caused by water hammer. ![]() Generally speaking, steam systems are at their safest when condensate is efficiently removed. Heat transfer systems in almost any form - hot water, high temperature oil and steam - require careful design and operation because of the temperatures and pressures involved.
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